Gophersnake (Pituophis catenifer)
The Gophersnake (Pituophis catenifer) is a large,
heavy-bodied snake inhabiting a diverse array of habitats across its range and
can be found throughout Arizona. It exhibits a wide range of sizes, typically
measuring between 30 to 110 inches (76-279cm) in length, though specimens
greater than seven feet are rare. In areas where it resides, it is often
recognized by its substantial build and predominantly yellow or cream-colored
body, adorned with dorsal blotches in hues of black, brown, or reddish-brown.
These blotches, more pronounced along the top (dorsal) of the body and become
more solid on the tail, lend the snake a distinctive appearance. Some regional
populations may display additional tan or reddish-orange coloring between the
dorsal blotches, further adding to their variability. Along its sides, smaller
secondary blotches are often present. A characteristic dark stripe usually
extends across the head, positioned in front of the eyes and continuing towards
the angle of the jaw. The underside typically presents a lighter hue, ranging
from white to yellowish, often interspersed with black spotting.
This species is highly adaptable, occupying a variety of
landscapes ranging from lowlands to mountainous regions. It can be found in
deserts, prairies, brushlands, woodlands, open coniferous forests, and
farmlands. In the western regions, it is particularly prevalent in grasslands
and open brushlands, showcasing its ability to thrive in diverse soil
conditions including sand, loam, rock, or hardpan. This species has adept
climbing and burrowing skills. It is primarily diurnal and can be active at any
time under favorable conditions, though it hibernates during colder months.
Known for its occasionally confrontational demeanor, these
snakes may exhibit gaping behavior and emit loud hisses when faced with
potential threats. Other defensive measures these snakes may take include
adopting a defensive posture, raising its head and neck, emitting hisses,
flattening and widening its head, and vibrating its tail, often leading to
confusion with rattlesnakes. Unfortunately, their resemblance to rattlesnakes,
along with these defensive displays, often leads to misidentification and subsequent
harm by humans.
A formidable constrictor, Gophersnakes prey on a diverse range of animals including rodents, rabbits, moles, birds, bird eggs and nestlings, with occasional consumption of lizards and insects.
Mating occurs in the spring and clutches are typically laid in late Spring through Summer (May – August). One to two clutches are possible, consisting of 2-24 eggs each. Hatchlings typically start emerging in August and can be found as late as November. They measure roughly 11 inches (280mm).
Two notable subspecies of the Gophersnake found in Arizona include the Sonoran Gophersnake (Pituophis catenifer affinis) and the Great Basin Gophersnake (Pituophis catenifer deserticola), each displaying slight variations in dorsal blotch coloration and distribution, with the latter exhibiting very dark (black) dorsal blotches on the neck region whereas the former is generally brown or reddish brown (occasionally olive) on the neck region.
Sources:
McGinnis, S. M., & Stebbins, R. C. (2018). Peterson Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
McGinnis, S. M., & Stebbins, R. C. (2018). Peterson Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Repp, R. A. (n.d.). Gophersnake. Tucsonherpsociety.org. https://tucsonherpsociety.org/amphibians-reptiles/snakes/gophersnake/
